A favorable FDA PCAC recommendation for BPC-157 is not the same thing as the scientific literature on its mechanisms. Here's how the two evidence bases differ.
GHK-Cu and collagen peptides are both studied for skin health, but through very different mechanisms and evidence bases. Here's how the research compares.
A research overview of GLP-1 receptor agonist studies outside weight management, covering cardiovascular, kidney, liver, neurological, and reward-pathway research.
A foundational overview of the melanocortin receptor system (MC1R–MC5R) and why it is a research target for pigmentation, sexual function, and inflammation studies.
Melanotan II and PT-141 both act on melanocortin receptors, but differ sharply in receptor selectivity, evidence base, and regulatory status. Here's how they compare.
Selank is one specific research peptide within the much larger neuropeptide field. Here's how its evidence base compares to neuropeptide research as a whole.
A beginner's guide to how FDA regulates peptide compounding under Section 503A, what PCAC does, and how compounding eligibility differs from drug approval.
Peptides and amino acids are often discussed together, but they describe different levels of biological organization. Here's how the two foundational topics relate and differ.
A critical review of Emideltide, also called delta sleep-inducing peptide, including sleep studies, proposed mechanisms, safety gaps, and FDA status.
PCAC recommended six peptide-related substance groups for the Section 503A Bulks List on July 23–24, 2026. FDA final action remains pending.
A source-driven review of KPV, the Lys-Pro-Val fragment of alpha-MSH, including inflammation models, human evidence gaps, safety, and FDA status.
Review MOTS-c research on obesity, insulin sensitivity, osteoporosis, bone remodeling, human evidence, safety, and its current FDA status.
BPC-157 and TB-500 are both studied for tissue repair, but through different molecular mechanisms and with different evidence bases. A side-by-side research comparison.
A mechanism-focused comparison of the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor pathways targeted by semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide, and why each receptor matters.
Ipamorelin and CJC-1295 act on different receptors in the growth hormone pathway. This comparison covers their mechanisms, evidence bases, and why they are often studied together.
How retatrutide, tirzepatide, and semaglutide differ in receptor targets, approval status, and Phase II/III weight-loss trial data — a side-by-side research comparison.
An introduction to the peptides most studied for skin repair, anti-aging, and cellular longevity — covering GHK-Cu, collagen peptides, Epithalon, and the Glow Stack.
An introduction to the peptides most studied for wound healing, connective tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory effects — covering BPC-157, TB-500, GHK-Cu, and the KLOW Stack.
The Glow Stack combines GHK-Cu, BPC-157, and TB-500 for skin regeneration and wound-healing research — a review of each component's evidence, distinct from the four-peptide KLOW Stack.
The KLOW Stack extends the Glow Stack with KPV for anti-inflammatory and gut-mucosal signaling research — proposed mechanisms, evidence limits, safety, and FDA status.
Tesamorelin is a synthetic GHRH analogue with FDA approval for HIV-associated lipodystrophy. Controlled trials show significant visceral fat reduction and IGF-1 elevation.
Retatrutide research: a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon triple receptor agonist in Phase III trials, with Phase II data showing up to 24% weight loss at 48 weeks.
A research review of semaglutide, the GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Ozempic and Wegovy, covering its structural design, FDA-approved indications, landmark clinical trial data, and safety profile.
Research review of tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound), the first FDA-approved dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, covering SURPASS and SURMOUNT trial data.
A practical framework for evaluating peptide research claims — what questions to ask, how to spot logical errors, and how to find primary sources.
A framework for critically evaluating peptide research papers, including what to look for in methodology, statistical reporting, and the difference between in vitro and in vivo findings.
BPC-157 research review covering proposed mechanisms, animal evidence, human-data limits, safety questions, and July 2026 FDA compounding status.
Research overview of Melanotan II, a synthetic melanocortin receptor agonist: mechanism, studied effects, documented safety concerns, and regulatory status.
A foundational overview of peptides: what they are, how they work at the molecular level, and why they matter to researchers studying human physiology.
A foundational review of the chemistry of amino acids — their structure, classification, ionization behavior, and how their properties determine the characteristics of the peptides they form.
Follistatin research: a TGF-β antagonist that inhibits myostatin, covering the distinction between the follistatin protein and synthetic peptide fragments.
How clinical trials work for peptide drugs: Phase I, II, and III explained, and what evidence standard is needed before effects are considered established.
A primer on the molecular pharmacology of peptide-receptor binding, covering receptor types, binding kinetics, agonism vs. antagonism, and what binding affinity data means for interpreting research.
Hexarelin research: the most potent synthetic GHRP, covering GH-releasing mechanism, cardiac receptor activity, and cardiovascular research findings.
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) overview: naturally occurring peptides in innate immunity, covering mechanism of action, classification, and research potential.
Research review of PT-141 (bremelanotide), a melanocortin receptor agonist with FDA approval for HSDD — covering mechanism, trial data, and safety profile.
How to reconstitute and store lyophilized research peptides: solvent choice, storage temperatures, and how to minimize degradation and preserve integrity.
How HPLC and mass spectrometry verify research peptide purity and identity — and what researchers should look for in a certificate of analysis.
A review of hydrolyzed collagen peptides, the evidence base for skin and joint applications, the methodological challenges in this research area, and how to evaluate the strength of current findings.
GLP-1 biology and the research behind the class of incretin-based drugs that have transformed obesity and diabetes treatment, from discovery to clinical trials.
An overview of IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), its role as the primary downstream mediator of growth hormone action, and what research examines regarding its effects on tissues and metabolism.
An overview of solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), the standard method for manufacturing research peptides, covering the chemistry and purity considerations.
GHK-Cu (copper peptide) research overview: biological roles, dermatological and wound healing studies, and what the published evidence supports.
GHRP-6: the first synthetic growth hormone secretagogue studied in humans — covering mechanism, hunger side effects, and published research findings.
An explanation of plasma half-life, metabolic stability, and the chemical strategies researchers use to extend the active duration of synthetic peptides in biological systems.
How administration route affects peptide bioavailability — why oral delivery usually fails, and what routes researchers use to study peptide activity.
CJC-1295: a GHRH analog modified for extended half-life, covering structural design, pharmacokinetics, and what published clinical studies have examined.
A critical review of Semax covering proposed mechanisms, human research, safety gaps, and its July 2026 FDA compounding status.
Selank research review: a synthetic tuftsin-derived heptapeptide studied for anxiolytic and cognitive effects, covering mechanisms and clinical evidence.
A critical review of Epitalon (Epithalon), including telomere and sleep research, evidence limitations, safety questions, and July 2026 FDA status.
A review of ipamorelin, a pentapeptide growth hormone secretagogue, with focus on its receptor selectivity profile and what pre-clinical and early clinical studies have examined.
An overview of neuropeptides — peptides that act as signaling molecules in the central and peripheral nervous systems — covering their classification, release mechanisms, and research significance.
TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 research: structural relationship, cellular mechanisms including actin regulation and wound healing, and state of clinical evidence.
Introduction to growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs): how these peptides interact with the GHS receptor and what the current research literature shows.