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Evidence-based explanations of peptide biology, clinical research, mechanisms, safety, and emerging compounds.

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54Evidence Reviews
23Defined Terms
8Research Topics

Featured Research

Selected evidence reviews and foundational research guides.

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Peptide Research

Semaglutide: From GLP-1 Biology to Ozempic and Wegovy

A research review of semaglutide, the GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Ozempic and Wegovy, covering its structural design, FDA-approved indications, landmark clinical trial data, and safety profile.

·6 min read

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GLP-1 & Incretin Research7 articles

Research on GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonists studied for metabolic health and weight management.

GLP-1incretinweight loss
Growth Hormone Secretagogues9 articles

Research on peptides that stimulate growth hormone release through the pituitary-hypothalamic axis.

growth hormoneGHSpituitary
Melanocortin Research5 articles

Research on melanocortin receptor peptides studied for pigmentation, sexual function, and anti-inflammatory effects.

melanocortinMC1RMC4R
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Neuropeptides & Cognition6 articles

Research on peptides studied for cognitive function, neuroprotection, and CNS effects.

neuropeptidecognitionCNS
Peptide Compounding & FDA Regulation10 articles

FDA reviews, compounding policy, and evidence-based regulatory status for peptide-related bulk drug substances.

FDAPCACSection 503A
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Peptide Science Fundamentals13 articles

Core educational content explaining what peptides are, how they work, and how to evaluate research.

peptide basicspharmacokineticsresearch methodology
Skin Health & Longevity6 articles

Research on peptides studied for skin regeneration, anti-aging, and cellular longevity.

skin healthanti-agingcollagen
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Tissue Repair & Recovery8 articles

Research on peptides studied for wound healing, connective tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory effects.

tissue repairwound healingBPC-157

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Peptide Classes

Introduction to Melanocortin Research

A foundational overview of the melanocortin receptor system (MC1R–MC5R) and why it is a research target for pigmentation, sexual function, and inflammation studies.

·5 min read

Glossary

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Amino acid
The molecular building block of peptides and proteins. Twenty standard amino acids are encoded by the human genome; each has a common backbone structure and a unique side chain that determines its chemical properties.
Bioavailability
The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation in an active form. Oral bioavailability of most research peptides is very low due to gastrointestinal enzyme degradation. Subcutaneous injection typically achieves 70–100% bioavailability.
BPC-157
A synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a fragment of human gastric juice protein, studied in animal models for effects on tissue repair, angiogenesis, and gastrointestinal healing. It has no completed human randomized controlled trials and is not FDA-approved for any use; FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee gave it a favorable recommendation for compounding eligibility in July 2026.
DPP-4
A serine protease present in plasma and on cell surfaces that cleaves dipeptides from the N-terminus of peptides with proline or alanine at position 2. Responsible for the rapid degradation of native GLP-1 and GHRH. Inhibited by the gliptin class of diabetes drugs.
FDA
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the federal agency responsible for regulating drugs, biologics, and — through Section 503A of the FD&C Act — pharmacy compounding. FDA evaluates candidate bulk drug substances for compounding eligibility with the advice of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC), a separate and less rigorous process than full drug approval.
GHK-Cu
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) studied for signaling effects linked to collagen synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant activity in skin. Research is concentrated in cell-culture, animal, and topical cosmetic studies rather than large randomized human trials. GHK-Cu is used in cosmetic formulations and has also been discussed as a nominated substance in FDA's peptide compounding review process.

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