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Evidence-based explanations of peptide biology, clinical research, mechanisms, safety, and emerging compounds.

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54Evidence Reviews
23Defined Terms
8Research Topics

Featured Research

Selected evidence reviews and foundational research guides.

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Scientific evidence, peptide samples, and expert review in a regulatory committee setting
Peptide Regulation

FDA Peptide Votes: PCAC and 503A

What the July 2026 FDA PCAC peptide votes mean: six advisory recommendations, the 503A Bulks List, and why a favorable vote is not drug approval.

·11 min read
Conceptual engineered peptide interacting with three cell-surface receptors
Peptide Research

Retatrutide: Metabolic Trial Data

Retatrutide research on weight, blood glucose, liver fat, and metabolic parameters, with Phase 2 evidence, Phase 3 updates, and FDA status.

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Peptide Research

Is Ozempic a Peptide? Semaglutide

Yes, Ozempic contains semaglutide, a modified GLP-1 peptide. Learn how it works, how brands differ, and what trials and FDA labeling show.

·7 min read

Browse by Topic

Conceptual peptide ligand interacting with a receptor in a cell membrane
GLP-1 & Incretin Research7 articles

Research on GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonists studied for metabolic health and weight management.

GLP-1incretinweight loss
Growth Hormone Secretagogues9 articles

Research on peptides that stimulate growth hormone release through the pituitary-hypothalamic axis.

growth hormoneGHSpituitary
Melanocortin Research5 articles

Research on melanocortin receptor peptides studied for pigmentation, sexual function, and anti-inflammatory effects.

melanocortinMC1RMC4R
Conceptual peptide signaling molecules crossing a neural synapse
Neuropeptides & Cognition6 articles

Research on peptides studied for cognitive function, neuroprotection, and CNS effects.

neuropeptidecognitionCNS
Peptide Compounding & FDA Regulation10 articles

FDA reviews, compounding policy, and evidence-based regulatory status for peptide-related bulk drug substances.

FDAPCACSection 503A
Short amino acid chain linked by peptide bonds beside a simplified molecular ribbon
Peptide Science Fundamentals13 articles

Core educational content explaining what peptides are, how they work, and how to evaluate research.

peptide basicspharmacokineticsresearch methodology
Skin Health & Longevity6 articles

Research on peptides studied for skin regeneration, anti-aging, and cellular longevity.

skin healthanti-agingcollagen
Conceptual extracellular matrix with collagen fibers, cells, and peptide signaling
Tissue Repair & Recovery8 articles

Research on peptides studied for wound healing, connective tissue repair, and anti-inflammatory effects.

tissue repairwound healingBPC-157

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Conceptual melanocyte and melanocortin receptor signaling
Peptide Classes

Introduction to Melanocortin Research

A foundational overview of the melanocortin receptor system (MC1R–MC5R) and why it is a research target for pigmentation, sexual function, and inflammation studies.

·5 min read

Glossary

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Amino acid
The molecular building block of peptides and proteins. Twenty standard amino acids are encoded by the human genome; each has a common backbone structure and a unique side chain that determines its chemical properties.
Bioavailability
The fraction of an administered dose that reaches systemic circulation in an active form. Oral bioavailability of most research peptides is very low due to gastrointestinal enzyme degradation. Subcutaneous injection typically achieves 70–100% bioavailability.
BPC-157
A synthetic pentadecapeptide (15 amino acids) derived from a fragment of human gastric juice protein, studied in animal models for effects on tissue repair, angiogenesis, and gastrointestinal healing. It has no completed human randomized controlled trials and is not FDA-approved for any use; FDA's Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee gave it a favorable recommendation for compounding eligibility in July 2026.
DPP-4
DPP-4 (dipeptidyl peptidase-4), also called CD26, is an enzyme that removes two amino acids from certain peptides, including the incretin hormones GLP-1 and GIP.
FDA
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the federal agency responsible for regulating drugs, biologics, and — through Section 503A of the FD&C Act — pharmacy compounding. FDA evaluates candidate bulk drug substances for compounding eligibility with the advice of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC), a separate and less rigorous process than full drug approval.
GHK-Cu
A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) studied for signaling effects linked to collagen synthesis, wound healing, and antioxidant activity in skin. Research is concentrated in cell-culture, animal, and topical cosmetic studies rather than large randomized human trials. GHK-Cu is used in cosmetic formulations and has also been discussed as a nominated substance in FDA's peptide compounding review process.

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